Publication Library

gammaCore™ non-invasive vagus nerve stimulator (nVNS) was granted Breakthrough Device Designation for PTSD by the US Food and Drug Administration in January 2022.

Publications:

1. Schindler AG, Meabon JS, Baskin B, et al. Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation for the prevention/treatment of comorbid mild traumatic brain injury and PTSD. Poster presented at: 3rd International Brain Stimulation Conference; February 24-27, 2019; Vancouver, BC, Canada. https://www.brainstimjrnl.com/article/S1935-861X(18)30775-7/abstract

2. Bremner JD, et al. Transcutaneous Cervical Vagal Nerve Stimulation in Patients with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A Pilot Study of Effects on PTSD Symptoms and Interleukin-6 Response to Stress. J Affect Disord Rep. 2021 Dec;6:100190. doi: 10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100190. Epub 2021 Jul 10. PMID: 34778863; PMCID: PMC8580056 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666915321001165?via%3Dihub

3. Gurel NZ, et al. Transcutaneous cervical vagal nerve stimulation reduces sympathetic responses to stress in posttraumatic stress disorder: A double-blind, randomized, sham controlled trial. Neurobiol Stress. 2020 Oct 20;13:100264. doi: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2020.100264. PMID: 33344717; PMCID: PMC7739181. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352289520300540?via%3Dihub

4. Gazi AH, et al. Transcutaneous Cervical Vagus Nerve Stimulation Inhibits the Reciprocal of the Pulse Transit Time’s Responses to Traumatic Stress in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2021 Nov;2021:1444-1447. doi: 10.1109/EMBC46164.2021.9630415. PMID: 34891557; PMCID: PMC10114282. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9630415

5. Choudhary T, et al. Effect of transcutaneous cervical vagus nerve stimulation on declarative and working memory in patients with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A pilot study. J Affect Disord. 2023 Oct 15;339:418-425. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.07.025. Epub 2023 Jul 12. PMID: 37442455. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0165032723008625?via%3Dihub

6. Gurel NZ, et al. Effect of transcutaneous cervical vagus nerve stimulation on the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) response to stress: A randomized, sham controlled, double blind pilot study. Compr Psychoneuroendocrinol. 2020 Oct 27;4:100012. doi: 10.1016/j.cpnec.2020.100012. PMID: 35755625; PMCID: PMC9216713. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666497620300126?via%3Dihub

7. Gurel NZ, et al. Quantifying acute physiological biomarkers of transcutaneous cervical vagal nerve stimulation in the context of psychological stress. Brain Stimul. 2020;13(1):47-59. doi:10.1016/j.brs.2019.08.002. https://www.brainstimjrnl.com/article/S1935-861X(19)30346-8/fulltext

8. Wittbrodt MT, et al. Non-invasive vagal nerve stimulation decreases brain activity during trauma scripts. Brain Stimul. 2020 Sep-Oct;13(5):1333-1348. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2020.07.002. Epub 2020 Jul 10. PMID: 32659483; PMCID: PMC8214872 https://www.brainstimjrnl.com/article/S1935-861X(20)30199-6/fulltext

9. Wittbrodt, Matthew T. et al. Noninvasive Cervical Vagal Nerve Stimulation Alters Brain Activity During Traumatic Stress in Individuals With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Psychosomatic Medicine 83(9):p 969-977, 11/12 2021. | DOI: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000987 https://journals.lww.com/bsam/abstract/2021/11000/noninvasive_cervical_vagal_nerve_stimulation.4.aspx

10. Moazzami K. et al, Transcutaneous vagal nerve stimulation modulates stress-induced plasma ghrelin levels: A double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled trial, Journal of Affective Disorders, Volume 342, 2023, Pages 85-90, ISSN 0165-0327, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.09.015.
11. Sundararaj, Srirakshaa, et al. “Accrued reductions in heart rate following transcutaneous vagal nerve stimulation in adults with posttraumatic stress disorder.” Frontiers in Neuroscience 19 (2025): 1456662. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnins.2025.1456662/full

12. H. Gazi et al., “Modeling Latent Dynamics of the Autonomic Nervous System in Response to Trauma Recall and Non-Invasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation,” in IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, doi: 10.1109/TBME.2025.3580051. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11037265

13. Ament, M., Leonard, E., Staats, P. S., & Ingram, N. T. (2026). Retrospectivepost-hoc subgroup analysis of adjunctive non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation in chronic mTBI with comorbid PTSD. Frontiers in neuroscience, 20, 1808542. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2026.1808542 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42051562/

14. Buckalew, N. (2025). Non-invasive neuromodulation of comorbid migraine, traumatic brain injury, and PTSD. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 480. ABSTRACT. https://www.jns-journal.com/article/S0022-510X(25)02097-0/abstract

15. Bremner, J. D., Wittbrodt, M. T., Gurel, N. Z., Nye, J. A., Shandhi, M. M. H., Gazi, A. H., … & Inan, O. T. (2026). A pilot study of brain correlates of long-term treatment with transcutaneous vagal nerve stimulation in posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 24, 101014. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666915325001441

gammaCore™ non-invasive vagus nerve stimulator (nVNS) has not been evaluated by FDA for use in Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) and the safety and effectiveness of gammaCore for OUD has not been established.

Publications:

1. Gazi, A. H., Harrison, A. B., Lambert, T. P., Nawar, A., Obideen, M., Driggers, E. G., … & Bremner, J. D. (2022). Pain is reduced by transcutaneous cervical vagus nerve stimulation and correlated with cardiorespiratory variability measures in the context of opioid withdrawal. Frontiers in Pain Research, 3, 1031368. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pain-research/articles/10.3389/fpain.2022.1031368/full

2. Klaming, R., Harlé, K.M, Lerman, I., Fong C., Hu, R., Norman, S. B., Simmons, A. N., Spadoni, A. D., & Lerman, I. (2024). NONINVASIVE VAGAL NERVE STIMULATION AS NOVEL TREATMENT FOR ALCOHOL USE DISORDER – INITIAL EVIDENCE FOR SYMPTOM REDUCTION AND ALTERED NEURAL RESPONSE TO PAIN. Presented at the Research Society on Alcoholism Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN, USA. June 22, 2024. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/acer.15318

3. Gazi, A. H., Harrison, A. B., Lambert, T. P., Obideen, M., Alavi, P., Murrah, N., … & Bremner, J. D. (2022). Transcutaneous cervical vagus nerve stimulation reduces behavioral and physiological manifestations of withdrawal in patients with opioid use disorder: a double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled pilot study. Brain stimulation, 15(5), 1206-1214 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1935861X22001954

4. Rahman, Farhan N., et al. “Transcutaneous Cervical Vagus Nerve Stimulation Modulates Prefrontal Cortex Activity During Opioid Withdrawal in Individuals With Opioid Use Disorder.” Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface (2025). IN PRESS https://www.neuromodulationjournal.org/article/S1094-7159(25)00190-4/abstract

gammaCore™ non-invasive vagus nerve stimulator (nVNS) has not been evaluated by the FDA for use in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases, and the safety and effectiveness of gammaCore for gastrointestinal diseases has not been established.

Publications:

1. Paulon E, Nastou D, Jaboli F, Marin J, Liebler E, Epstein O. Proof of concept: short-term non-invasive cervical vagus nerve stimulation in patients with drug-refractory gastroparesis. Frontline Gastroenterol. 2017 Oct;8(4):325-330. doi: 10.1136/flgastro-2017-100809. Epub 2017 May 24. PMID: 29067158; PMCID: PMC5641854. https://fg.bmj.com/content/8/4/325

2. Gottfried-Blackmore A, Adler EP, Fernandez-Becker N, Clarke J, Habtezion A, Nguyen L. Open-label pilot study: non-invasive vagal nerve stimulation improves symptoms and gastric emptying in patients with idiopathic gastroparesis. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2020;32(4):e13769. doi:10.1111/nmo.13769 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nmo.13769

3. Chapman, Stephen J., et al. “Non-invasive, vagus nerve stimulation to reduce ileus after colorectal surgery: protocol for a feasibility trial with nested mechanistic studies.” BMJ open 11.7 (2021): e046313. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046313.
4. https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/11/7/e046313
5. Chapman, S. J., Kowal, M., Helliwell, J. A., Lockwood, S., Naylor, M., Croft, J., … & Jayne, D. G. (2024). Non‐invasive vagus nerve stimulation to reduce ileus after colorectal surgery: randomized feasibility trial and efficacy assessment (IDEAL Stage 2B). Colorectal Disease, 26(12), 2101-2111. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/codi.17194

6. Barahona, Guillermo, et al. “S1846 Non-Invasive Vagal Nerve Stimulation Reduces Nausea Rescue Medication in Patients With Gastroparesis and Related Disorders, With Additional Benefits on Multiple Other Associated Symptoms.” Official journal of the American College of Gastroenterology| ACG 118.10S (2023): S1373. https://journals.lww.com/ajg/fulltext/2023/10001/s1846_non_invasive_vagal_nerve_stimulation_reduces.2187.aspx

7. Gottfried-Blackmore, Andres, Aida Habtezion, and Linda Nguyen. “Noninvasive vagal nerve stimulation for gastroenterology pain disorders.” Pain Management 11.1 (2021): 89-96. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2217/pmt-2020-0067

8. Muthulingam JA, Hansen TM, Olesen SS, Drewes AM, Frøkjær JB. Two-Week Cervical Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Chronic Pancreatitis Patients Induces Functional Connectivity Changes of Limbic Structures. Neuromodulation. 2022 Apr;25(3):471-478. doi: 10.1111/ner.13482. Epub 2021 Jun 14. PMID: 35396075. https://www.neuromodulationjournal.org/article/S1094-7159(22)00044-7/abstract

9. Muthulingam JA, Olesen SS, Hansen TM, Brock C, Drewes AM, Frøkjær JB. Cervical transcutaneous vagal neuromodulation in chronic pancreatitis patients with chronic pain: A randomised sham controlled clinical trial. PLoS One. 2021 Feb 26;16(2):e0247653. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247653. PMID: 33635894; PMCID: PMC7909707. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0247653

10. Barahona, G., de Barahona, L. V., Sidhu, S. S., Burns, R., McKnight, M., Hui, K. Y., Bulat, R., Treisman, G. J., Liebler, E., McClure, C. K., & Pasricha, P. J. (2026). Non-invasive Vagal Nerve Stimulation Decreases the Need for Rescue Medication for Nausea Exacerbation in Patients with Chronic Nausea and Vomiting. Digestive diseases and sciences, 71(3), 1003–1014. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-025-09457-2 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41100038/

gammaCore™ non-invasive vagus nerve stimulator (nVNS) has not been evaluated by the FDA for use in the treatment of Parkinson’s Disease, and the safety and effectiveness of gammaCore for Parkinson’s Disease has not been established.

Publications:

1. Sigurdsson, Hilmar P., et al. “Noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation in Parkinson’s disease: current status and future prospects.” Expert Review of Medical Devices 18.10 (2021): 971-984. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17434440.2021.1969913

2. Mondal, Banashree, et al. “Effects of non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation on clinical symptoms and molecular biomarkers in Parkinson’s disease.” Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience 15 (2024): 1331575. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/aging-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2023.1331575/full

3. Torrecillos, Flavie, et al. “Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation modulates subthalamic beta activity in Parkinson’s disease.” Brain Stimulation: Basic, Translational, and Clinical Research in Neuromodulation 15.6 (2022): 1513-1516. https://www.brainstimjrnl.com/article/S1935-861X(22)00241-8/fulltext

4. Sigurdsson, H. P., Hunter, H., Alcock, L., Maughan, E. E., Bramley, H., Brown, P., Palermo, G., Baker, M. R., Taylor, J. P., Rochester, L., & Yarnall, A. J. (2025). Feasibility, safety and efficacy of multi-dose vagus nerve stimulation in Parkinson’s disease: a double-blind, randomised sham-controlled proof-of-concept study. Journal of neurology, 272(10), 684. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-025-13430-4 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41068419/

gammaCore™ non-invasive vagus nerve stimulator (nVNS) has not been evaluated by the FDA for use in the treatment of brain injury, and the safety and effectiveness of gammaCore for brain injury has not been established.

STROKE / CSD /Blood Brain Barrier

Publications:

1. Arsava, Ethem Murat, et al. “Assessment of safety and feasibility of non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation for treatment of acute stroke.” Brain stimulation 15.6 (2022): 1467-1474. https://www.brainstimjrnl.com/article/S1935-861X(22)00235-2/fulltext

2. van der Meij, Anne, et al. “NOn-invasive Vagus nerve stimulation in acute Ischemic Stroke (NOVIS): a study protocol for a randomized clinical trial.” Trials 21 (2020): 1-6. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13063-020-04794-1

3. Andalib, Sasan, et al. “Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Ischemic Stroke.” Current neurology and neuroscience reports 23.12 (2023): 947-962. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11910-023-01323-w

4. Lindemann, Jan, et al. “Vagus nerve stimulation reduces spreading depolarization burden and cortical infarct volume in a rat model of stroke.” PLoS One 15.7 (2020): e0236444. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0236444

5. Ay, Ilknur, Eric Liebler, and Hakan Ay. “Effect of non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation in hemorrhagic brain injury and permanent ischemic stroke in rats (P10-10.005).” Neurology 98.18_supplement (2022): 1758. https://www.neurology.org/doi/10.1212/WNL.98.18_supplement.1758

6. Ay, Ilknur, et al. “Transcutaneous cervical vagus nerve stimulation ameliorates acute ischemic injury in rats.” Brain stimulation 9.2 (2016): 166-173. https://www.brainstimjrnl.com/article/S1935-861X(15)01230-9/abstract

7. Ayata, Cenk, et al. “Suppression of cortical spreading depression in migraine prophylaxis.” Annals of Neurology: Official Journal of the American Neurological Association and the Child Neurology Society 59.4 (2006): 652-661. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ana.20778

8. Morais, A., Liu, T. T., Qin, T., Sadhegian, H., Ay, I., Yagmur, D., … & Ayata, C. (2020). Vagus nerve stimulation inhibits cortical spreading depression exclusively through central mechanisms. Pain, 161(7), 1661-1669. https://journals.lww.com/pain/abstract/2020/07000/vagus_nerve_stimulation_inhibits_cortical.22.aspx

9. Liu, Tzu-Ting, et al. “Efficacy profile of noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation on cortical spreading depression susceptibility and the tissue response in a rat model.” The Journal of Headache and Pain 23.1 (2022): 12. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s10194-022-01384-1

10. Chen, S. P., Ay, I., De Morais, A. L., Qin, T., Zheng, Y., Sadeghian, H., … & Ayata, C. (2016). Vagus nerve stimulation inhibits cortical spreading depression. Pain, 157(4), 797-805. https://journals.lww.com/pain/abstract/2016/04000/vagus_nerve_stimulation_inhibits_cortical.7.aspx

11. Yang, L. Y., Bhaskar, K., Thompson, J., Duval, K., Torbey, M., & Yang, Y. (2022). Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation reduced neuron-derived IL-1β and neuroinflammation in acute ischemic rat brain. Brain Hemorrhages, 3(2), 45-56. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589238X21000310?via%3Dihub

12. Morais, A., Chung, J. Y., Wu, L., Ayata, C., Simon, B., & Whalen, M. J. (2024). Non-Invasive Vagal Nerve Stimulation Pre-Treatment Reduces Neurological Dysfunction After Closed Head Injury in Mice. Neurotrauma Reports, 5(1), 150-158. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1089/neur.2023.0058

13. Yang, Yirong, et al. “Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation reduces blood-brain barrier disruption in a rat model of ischemic stroke.” Brain stimulation 11.4 (2018): 689-698. https://www.brainstimjrnl.com/article/S1935-861X(18)30064-0/fulltext

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

Publications:

1. Divani, A. A., Salazar, P., Ikram, H. A., Taylor, E., Wilson, C. M., Yang, Y., … & Bragin, D. E. (2023). Non-invasive Vagus nerve stimulation improves brain lesion volume and neurobehavioral outcomes in a rat model of traumatic brain injury. Journal of neurotrauma, 40(13-14), 1481-1494. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1089/neu.2022.0153

2. Divani, A. A., Taylor, E., Ikram, H. A., Salazar, P., Yang, Y., SantaCruz, K., … & Bragin, D. E. (2022). Noninvasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation Reduces Brain Lesion Volume in a Rat model of Traumatic Brain Injury. https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/hsc-bbhrd/51/

3. Ament, M., Leonard, E. R., Ingram, N. T., & Staats, P. S. (2025). Adjunctive non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation helps to reduce symptoms of mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, in press. Abstract #759. https://www.electrocore.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/Adjunctive-non-invasive-vagus-nerve-stimulation-helps-to-reduce-symptoms-of-mild-traumatic-brain-injury.pdf

4. Ament, M., Leonard, E., Staats, P. S., & Ingram, N. T. (2026). Retrospectivepost-hoc subgroup analysis of adjunctive non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation in chronic mTBI with comorbid PTSD. Frontiers in neuroscience, 20, 1808542. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2026.1808542 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42051562/

5. Ament, M., Leonard, E., Staats, P. S., & Ingram, N. T. (2025). Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation is associated with the reduction in persistent post-concussion symptoms: an observational study.Frontiers in neurology, 16, 1642034. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2025.1642034 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40937177/

gammaCore™ non-invasive vagus nerve stimulator (nVNS) has been cleared by the FDA and is intended to provide non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (nVNS) on the side of the neck. gammaCore is indicated for the preventive treatment of migraine headache in adolescent (age 12 and older) and adult patients; the acute treatment of pain associated with migraine headache in adolescent (age 12 and older) and adult patients; the adjunctive preventive treatment of cluster headache in adult patients; the acute treatment of pain associated with episodic cluster headache in adult patients; and the treatment of Hemicrania Continua and Paroxysmal Hemicrania in adult patients. For more information and additional indications, please visit: https://www.gammacore.com/about-gammacore/important-safety-information/

Migraine

Publications:

1. Tassorelli C, Grazzi L, de Tommaso M, et al. Noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation as acute therapy for migraine: the randomized PRESTO study. Neurology. 2018;91(4):e364-e373. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000005857 https://www.neurology.org/doi/10.1212/WNL.0000000000005857

2. Silberstein SD, Calhoun AH, Lipton RB, et al. Chronic migraine headache prevention with noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation: the EVENT study. Neurology. 2016;87(5):529-538. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000002918 https://www.neurology.org/doi/10.1212/WNL.0000000000002918

3. Martelletti P, Barbanti P, Grazzi L, et al. Consistent effects of non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (nVNS) for the acute treatment of migraine: additional findings from the randomized, sham-controlled, double-blind PRESTO trial. J Headache Pain. 2018;19(1):101. doi:10.1186/s10194-018-0929-0 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s10194-018-0929-0

4. Diener HC, Goadsby PJ, Ashina M, et al. Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (nVNS) for the preventive treatment of episodic migraine: the multicentre, double-blind, randomised, sham-controlled PREMIUM trial. Cephalalgia. 2019;39(12):1475-1487. doi:10.1177/0333102419876920 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0333102419876920

5. Najib U, Smith T, Hindiyeh N, et al. Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation for prevention of migraine: The multicenter, randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled PREMIUM II trial. Cephalalgia. 2022;42(7):560-569. doi:10.1177/03331024211068813 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/03331024211068813

6. Grazzi, L., Tassorelli, C., De Tommaso, M., Pierangeli, G., Martelletti, P., Rainero, I., … & Barbanti, P. (2018). Practical and clinical utility of non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (nVNS) for the acute treatment of migraine: a post hoc analysis of the randomized, sham-controlled, double-blind PRESTO trial. The Journal of Headache and Pain, 19, 1-9. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s10194-018-0928-1

7. Schoenen, Jean, and Anna Ambrosini. “Update on noninvasive neuromodulation for migraine treatment—vagus nerve stimulation.” Progress in brain research 255 (2020): 249-274. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/bookseries/abs/pii/S0079612320300844?via=ihub#cited-by

8. Kinfe, Thomas M., et al. “Cervical non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (nVNS) for preventive and acute treatment of episodic and chronic migraine and migraine-associated sleep disturbance: preliminary findings from a prospective observational cohort study.” The journal of headache and pain 16 (2015): 1-11. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s10194-015-0582-9

9. Yuan, H., Orr, S. L., Al-Karagholi, M. A. M., Ashina, M., Cohen, F., Diener, H. C., Dodick, D. W., Jensen, R. H., Marmura, M. J., Martinelli, D., Matharu, M. S., Petersen, A. S., Pozo-Rosich, P., Sacco, S., Simmonds, L., Tassorelli, C., Tepper, S. J., Terwindt, G. M., Wang, S. J., Yeh, J. T., … Silberstein, S. D. (2025). International Headache society evidence-based guidelines on the use of non-invasive neuromodulation devices for the acute and preventive treatment of migraine. Cephalalgia : an international journal of headache, 45(10), 3331024251388377. https://doi.org/10.1177/03331024251388377 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41117312/

Cluster Headache

Publications:

1. Gaul C, Diener HC, Silver N, et al. Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation for prevention and acute treatment of chronic cluster headache (PREVA): a randomised controlled study. Cephalalgia. 2016;36(6):534-546. doi:10.1177/0333102415607070 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0333102415607070

2. Gaul C, Magis D, Liebler E, Straube A. Effects of non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation on attack frequency over time and expanded response rates in patients with chronic cluster headache: a post hoc analysis of the randomised, controlled PREVA study. J Headache Pain. 2017 Dec;18(1):22. doi: 10.1186/s10194-017-0731-4. Epub 2017 Feb 14. PMID: 28197844; PMCID: PMC5309191. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s10194-017-0731-4

3. Goadsby PJ, de Coo IF, Silver N, et al. Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation for the acute treatment of episodic and chronic cluster headache: a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled ACT2 study. Cephalalgia. 2018;38(5):959-969. doi:10.1177/0333102417744362 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0333102417744362

4. Silberstein SD, Mechtler LL, Kudrow DB, et al. Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation for the acute treatment of cluster headache: findings from the randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled ACT1 study. Headache. 2016;56(8):1317-1332. doi:10.1111/head.12896 https://headachejournal.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/head.12896

5. de Coo IF, Marin JC, Silberstein SD, et al. Differential efficacy of non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation for the acute treatment of episodic and chronic cluster headache: a meta-analysis. Cephalalgia. 2019;39(8):967-977. doi:10.1177/0333102419856607 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0333102419856607

6. Marin, Juana, et al. “Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation for treatment of cluster headache: early UK clinical experience.” The Journal of Headache and Pain 19 (2018): 1-6. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s10194-018-0936-1

7. Silberstein, Stephen D., et al. “The emerging role of gammaCore® in the management of cluster headache: expert panel recommendations.” Am J Manag Care 23.17 Suppl (2017): S326-S333. https://www.ajmc.com/view/the-emerging-role-of-gammacore—in-the-management-of-cluster-headache–expert-panel-recommendations

8. Silver, Nicholas, et al. “Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation for treatment of cluster headache: a retrospective review of prescribing in England.” British Journal of Healthcare Management 27.11 (2021): 1-11. https://www.magonlinelibrary.com/doi/full/10.12968/bjhc.2021.0126?utm_medium=article&utm_source=researchgate.net

9. Nagy, Abraham, et al. “Real-world Use of Non-invasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Acute Treatment of Pain in Episodic Cluster Headache Attacks: Results From a Patient Registry (S38. 006).” Neurology 92.15_supplement (2019): S38-006. https://www.neurology.org/doi/10.1212/WNL.92.15_supplement.S38.006

10. Simmonds, Lucy, et al. “An open-label observational study and meta-analysis of non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation in medically refractory chronic cluster headache.” Frontiers in Neurology 14 (2023): 1100426. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neurology/articles/10.3389/fneur.2023.1100426/full

11. Goadsby, P. J., Feoktistov, A., Anitescu, M., Day, M., & Staats, P. (2025). Non-Invasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Cluster Headache: A Clinical Practice Guideline.Pain practice : the official journal of World Institute of Pain, 25(8), e70084. https://doi.org/10.1111/papr.70084 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41133770/

Hemicrania Continua

Publications:

1. Eren, Ozan, et al. “Hemicrania Continua: Beneficial Effect of Non‐Invasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation in a Patient With a Contraindication for Indomethacin.” Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain 57.2 (2017): 298-301. https://headachejournal.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/head.12977

2. Davies, B. NON-INVASIVE VAGUS NERVE STIMULATION FOR HEMICRANIA CONTINUA: A CASE SERIES OF 3 PATIENTS. EHMTC-0336. Presented at International Headache Society (2016): 93 https://kar.kent.ac.uk/106276/1/2016-ehmtic-2016-invited-speaker-abstracts.pdf

3. Nesbitt, A., J. Marin, and P. Goadsby. “Treatment of hemicrania continua by non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation in 2 patients previously treated with occipital nerve stimulation.” The Journal of Headache and Pain 14 (2013): 1-1. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3620271/

4. Tso, Amy R., Juana Marin, and Peter J. Goadsby. “Noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation for treatment of indomethacin-sensitive headaches.” JAMA neurology10 (2017): 1266-1267. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/2649257#google_vignette

OTHER HEADACHE & Reviews – (Menstrual Migraine, MOH, Vestibular Migraine, etc.)

Publications:

1. Grazzi L, Egeo G, Calhoun AH, McClure CK, Liebler E, Barbanti P. Non-invasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation (nVNS) as mini-prophylaxis for menstrual/menstrually related migraine: an open-label study. J Headache Pain. 2016 Dec;17(1):91. doi:10.1186/s10194-016-0684-z. Epub 2016 Oct 3. PMID: 27699586; PMCID: PMC5047863. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s10194-016-0684-z

2. Beh, Shin C. “Nystagmus and vertigo in acute vestibular migraine attacks: response to non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation.” Otology & Neurotology2 (2021): e233-e236. https://journals.lww.com/otology-neurotology/abstract/2021/02000/nystagmus_and_vertigo_in_acute_vestibular_migraine.41.aspx
3. Beh, Shin C. “Emerging evidence for noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of vestibular migraine.” Expert review of neurotherapeutics 20.10 (2020): 991-993 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14737175.2020.1806060

4. De Icco, Roberto, et al. “Noninvasive peripheral vagal nerve stimulation prevents migraine aura: A case report.” Cephalalgia Reports 2 (2019): 2515816319855607. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2515816319855607

5. Kamourieh, Salwa, Susie Lagrata, and Manjit Singh Matharu. “Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation is beneficial in chronic paroxysmal hemicrania.” Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 90.9 (2019): 1072-1074. https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/90/9/1072

6. Villar-Martinez, Maria Dolores, and Peter J. Goadsby. “Non-invasive neuromodulation of the cervical vagus nerve in rare primary headaches.” Frontiers in Pain Research 4 (2023): 1062892. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pain-research/articles/10.3389/fpain.2023.1062892/full

7. Rainero, Innocenzo, et al. “Non-invasive Vagal Nerve Stimulation for the Treatment of Headache Attacks in Patients with Chronic Migraine and Medication-Overuse Headache (P1. 262).” Neurology 82.10_supplement (2014): P1-262. https://www.neurology.org/doi/10.1212/WNL.82.10_supplement.P1.262

8. Vacca, Alessandro, et al. “Noninvasive vagal nerve stimulation in chronic migraine with medication overuse headache.” Pain Medicine 19.12 (2018): 2575-2577. https://academic.oup.com/painmedicine/article-abstract/19/12/2575/4995948?redirectedFrom=fulltext

9. Mwamburi M, Liebler EJ, Tenaglia AT. Review of non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (gammaCore): efficacy, safety, potential impact on comorbidities, and economic burden for episodic and chronic cluster headache. Am J Manag Care. 2017;23:S317-S325. https://www.ajmc.com/view/review-of-noninvasive-vagus-nerve–stimulation-gammacore–efficacy-safety-potential-impact-on-comorbidities-and-economic-burden-for-episodic-and-chronic-cluster-headache

10. Silberstein, Stephen D., et al. “Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation for primary headache: a clinical update.” Cephalalgia 40.12 (2020): 1370-1384. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0333102420941864

11. Mwamburi, Mkaya, Eric J. Liebler, and Andrew T. Tenaglia. “Cost-effectiveness of gammaCore (non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation) for acute treatment of episodic cluster headache.” Am J Manag Care 23.16 Suppl (2017): S300-6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29144720/

12. Strickland, Iain, et al. “Noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation in a primary care setting: effects on quality of life and utilization measures in multimorbidity patients with or without primary headache.” Am J Manag Care 24.24 Suppl (2018): S517-S526. https://www.ajmc.com/view/noninvasive-vagus-nerve-primary-care-effects-on-quality-of-life

13. Boezaart AP, Smith CR, Zasimovich Y, et a. Refractory primary and secondary headache disorders that dramatically responded to combined treatment of ultrasound-guided percutaneous suprazygomatic pterygopalatine ganglion blocks and non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation: a case series. Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine 2024;49:144-150. https://rapm.bmj.com/content/49/2/144

gammaCore™ non-invasive vagus nerve stimulator (nVNS) was granted Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) in July of 2020 to treat patients with known or suspected COVID-19 who are experiencing exacerbation of asthma-related dyspnea and reduced airflow. gammaCore nVNS has not been evaluated by the FDA for use in the treatment of Long-COVID or inflammation, and the safety and effectiveness of gammaCore for COVID-19 or inflammation has not been established.

Publications:

1. Czura, C. J., Bikson, M., Charvet, L., Chen, J. D., Franke, M., Fudim, M., … & Vonck, K. (2022). Neuromodulation strategies to reduce inflammation and improve lung complications in COVID-19 patients. Frontiers in neurology, 13, 897124. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neurology/articles/10.3389/fneur.2022.897124/full
2. Staats, P., Giannakopoulos, G., Blake, J., Liebler, E., & Levy, R. M. (2020). The use of non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation to treat respiratory symptoms associated with COVID-19: a theoretical hypothesis and early clinical experience. Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface, 23(6), 784-788. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1094715921002543

3. Tornero, C., Pastor, E., Garzando, M. D. M., Orduña, J., Forner, M. J., Bocigas, I., … & Staats, P. (2022). Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation for COVID-19: results from a randomized controlled trial (SAVIOR I). Frontiers in neurology, 13, 820864. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neurology/articles/10.3389/fneur.2022.820864/full

4. Lerman I, Hauger R, Sorkin L, et al. Noninvasive transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation decreases whole blood culture-derived cytokines and chemokines: a randomized, blinded, healthy control pilot trial. Neuromodulation. 2016;19:283-291. doi:10.1111/ner.12398 https://www.neuromodulationjournal.org/article/S1094-7159(21)04359-2/abstract

5. Bremner JD, Gurel NZ, Jiao Y, et al. Transcutaneous vagal nerve stimulation blocks stress-induced activation of interleukin-6 and interferon-γ in posttraumatic stress disorder: a double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled trial. Brain Behav Immun Health. 2020;9:100138. doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100138 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666354620301034?via%3Dihub

6. Tarn J, Legg S, Mitchell S, Simon B, Ng WF. The effects of noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation on fatigue and immune responses in patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Neuromodulation. 2019;22: 580-585. doi:10.1111/ner.12879
7. https://www.neuromodulationjournal.org/article/S1094-7159(21)01970-X/abstract
8. Rubenstein Engel, Emily, Justyna Blake, and Eric Liebler. “Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulator (gammaCore®) was not associated with meaningful cardiovascular adverse effects (P1. 292).” Neurology 84.14_supplement (2015): P1-292. https://www.neurology.org/doi/10.1212/WNL.84.14_supplement.P1.292

9. Staats, P., Cheng, B., & Vyas, P. (2025). O093 NON-INVASIVE VAGUS NERVE STIMULATION (NVNS) FOR THE PROPHYLAXIS AND TREATMENT OF ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME IN COVID-19 PATIENTSL. Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface, 28(1), S121. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/387666952_O093_NON-INVASIVE_VAGUS_NERVE_STIMULATION_NVNS_FOR_THE_PROPHYLAXIS_AND_TREATMENT_OF_ACUTE_RESPIRATORY_DISTRESS_SYNDROME_IN_COVID-19_PATIENTSL

gammaCore™ non-invasive vagus nerve stimulator (nVNS) has not been evaluated by the FDA for use in the treatment of cognitive performance and performance enhancement, and the safety and effectiveness of gammaCore for cognitive performance and performance enhancement has not been established.

Publications:

1. Klaming, R., Simmons, A. N., Spadoni, A. D., & Lerman, I. (2022). Effects of noninvasive cervical vagal nerve stimulation on cognitive performance but not brain activation in healthy adults. Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface, 25(3), 424-432 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35396072/

2. McIntire, L.K., McKinley, R.A., Goodyear, C. et al. Cervical transcutaneous vagal nerve stimulation (ctVNS) improves human cognitive performance under sleep deprivation stress. Commun Biol 4, 634 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-021-02145-7
3. Choudhary, Tilendra, et al. “Effect of transcutaneous cervical vagus nerve stimulation on declarative and working memory in patients with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A pilot study.” Journal of affective disorders 339 (2023): 418-425. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032723008625?via%3Dihub

4. Lerman, Imanuel, et al. “Non-invasive cervical vagus nerve stimulation effects on reaction time and valence image anticipation response.” Brain stimulation 15.4 (2022): 946-956. https://www.brainstimjrnl.com/article/S1935-861X(22)00110-3/fulltext

5. Miyatsu, Toshiya, et al. “Transcutaneous cervical vagus nerve stimulation enhances second-language vocabulary acquisition while simultaneously mitigating fatigue and promoting focus.” Scientific Reports 14.1 (2024): 17177. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-68015-4

Publications:

• Schoenen, Jean, et al. “Non-Invasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation with the gammaCore in Healthy Subjects: Is There Electrophysiological Evidence for Activation of Vagal Afferents?(P2. 202).” Neurology 86.16_supplement (2016): P2-202. https://www.neurology.org/doi/10.1212/WNL.86.16_supplement.P2.202

• Schroeder, Celina F., Maike Möller, and Arne May. “nVNS sham significantly affects the trigeminal-autonomic reflex: a randomized controlled study.” Neurology 93.5 (2019): e518-e521. https://www.neurology.org/doi/10.1212/WNL.0000000000007857

• De Icco, Roberto, et al. “Peripheral vagal nerve stimulation modulates the nociceptive withdrawal reflex in healthy subjects: A randomized, cross-over, sham-controlled study.” Cephalalgia10 (2018): 1658-1664. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0333102417742347

• Oshinsky, Michael L., et al. “Noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation as treatment for trigeminal allodynia.” Pain5 (2014): 1037-1042. https://journals.lww.com/pain/abstract/2014/05000/noninvasive_vagus_nerve_stimulation_as_treatment.27.aspx

• Lewine, Jeffrey D., et al. “Exploration of the impact of brief noninvasive vagal nerve stimulation on EEG and event-related potentials.” Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface5 (2019): 564-572. https://www.neuromodulationjournal.org/article/S1094-7159(21)01968-1/abstract

• Nonis, Romain, et al. “Evidence of activation of vagal afferents by non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation: an electrophysiological study in healthy volunteers.” Cephalalgia13 (2017): 1285-1293. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0333102417717470

• Akerman, Simon, Bruce Simon, and Marcela Romero-Reyes. “Vagus nerve stimulation suppresses acute noxious activation of trigeminocervical neurons in animal models of primary headache.” Neurobiology of disease 102 (2017): 96-104. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0969996117300530?via%3Dihub

• Mourdoukoutas, Antonios P., et al. “High-resolution multi-scale computational model for non-invasive cervical vagus nerve stimulation.” Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface 21.3 (2018): 261-268. https://www.neuromodulationjournal.org/article/S1094-7159(21)02210-8/abstract

• Lerman, Imanuel, et al. “Noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation alters neural response and physiological autonomic tone to noxious thermal challenge.” PloS one 14.2 (2019): e0201212. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0201212

• Vecchio, Eleonora, et al. “Effect of non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation on resting-state electroencephalography and laser-evoked potentials in migraine patients: mechanistic insights.” Frontiers in human neuroscience 12 (2018): 398984. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/human-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2018.00366/full?field=&journalName=Frontiers_in_Human_Neuroscience

• Simon B, Blake J. Mechanism of action of non-invasive cervical vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of primary headaches. Am J Manag Care. 2017 Nov;23(17 Suppl):S312-S316. PMID: 29144716. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29144716/

• Frangos E, Komisaruk BR. Access to vagal projections via cutaneous electrical stimulation of the neck: fMRI evidence in healthy humans. Brain Stimul. 2017;10(1):19-27. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2016.10.008. https://www.brainstimjrnl.com/article/S1935-861X(16)30268-6/abstract

• Brock C, Brock B, Aziz Q, et al. Transcutaneous cervical vagal nerve stimulation modulates cardiac vagal tone and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2017;29(5):e12999. doi: 10.1111/nmo.12999. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nmo.12999

• Richter, Fabian, et al. “Behavioral and neurophysiological signatures of interoceptive enhancements following vagus nerve stimulation.” Human brain mapping 42.5 (2021): 1227-1242. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hbm.25288

gammaCore™ non-invasive vagus nerve stimulator (nVNS) has not been evaluated by the FDA for use in the treatment of brain injury, and the safety and effectiveness of gammaCore for brain injury has not been established.

Publications:

1. Parmar J, Makulski D. gammaCore Device for Chronic Posttraumatic Headache Pain Management in Veterans With Comorbid Mood Disorders: A Case Report. Pain Med Case Rep. 2025 Apr;9(2):119-122. PMID: 40331810. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40331810/

gammaCore™ non-invasive vagus nerve stimulator (nVNS) has not been evaluated by the FDA for use in the treatment of brain injury, and the safety and effectiveness of gammaCore for brain injury has not been established.

Publications:

• Steyn, Elmin, Zunaid Mohamed, and Carla Husselman. “Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of acute asthma exacerbations—results from an initial case series.” International journal of emergency medicine 6 (2013): 1-3. https://intjem.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1865-1380-6-7
• Miner JR, Lewis LM, Mosnaim GS, Varon J, Theodoro D, Hoffmann TJ. Feasibility of percutaneous vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of acute asthma exacerbations. Acad Emerg Med. 2012 Apr;19(4):421-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2012.01329.x. PMID: 22506946. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22506946/
• Simon, Bruce J. “Treatment of acute asthma exacerbations with vagus nerve stimulation.” Vagus Nerve Stimulation. Academic Press, 2025. 307-312. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/edited-volume/abs/pii/B9780128169964000307?via%3Dihub

• Hoffmann TJ, Mendez S, Staats P, Emala CW, Guo P. Inhibition of histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in Guinea pig and Swine by pulsed electrical vagus nerve stimulation. Neuromodulation. 2009 Oct;12(4):261-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1403.2009.00234.x. Epub 2009 Aug 20. PMID: 22151415. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22151415/
• Hoffmann TJ, Simon BJ, Zhang Y, Emala CW. Low voltage vagal nerve stimulation reduces bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs through catecholamine release. Neuromodulation. 2012 Nov-Dec;15(6):527-36. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1403.2012.00454.x. Epub 2012 May 2. PMID: 22551486; PMCID: PMC3710689.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22551486/

gammaCore™ non-invasive vagus nerve stimulator (nVNS) has not been evaluated by the FDA for use in the treatment of brain injury, and the safety and effectiveness of gammaCore for brain injury has not been established.

Publications:

• Natelson BH, Stegner AJ, Lange G, Khan S, Blate M, Sotolongo A, DeLuca M, Van Doren WW, Helmer DA. Vagal nerve stimulation as a possible non-invasive treatment for chronic widespread pain in Gulf Veterans with Gulf War Illness. Life Sci. 2021 Oct 1;282:119805. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119805. Epub 2021 Jul 5. PMID: 34237313. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0024320521007918?via%3Dihub
• Budhiraja, A., Mehta, A., Alhamo, M. A., Swedarsky, R., Dahle, S., & Isseroff, R. R. (2024). Vagus nerve stimulation: Potential for treating chronic wounds. Wound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society, 32(2), 108–117. https://doi.org/10.1111/wrr.13151 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38235529/
• Staats PS, Staats A, Mikhaiel B, Chen J, Azabou E, Rangon CM. Combined minimally invasive vagal cranial nerve and trigeminocervical complex peripheral nerve stimulation produces prolonged improvement of severe painful peripheral neuropathy and hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes. Front Neurosci. 2025 Aug 26;19:1644961. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2025.1644961. PMID: 40933195; PMCID: PMC12418259. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40933195/
• Staats, P., Slavin, K., & Levy, R. (2026). Cost of Delay of New Therapies in the Presence of Real-World Evidence. Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface.

Quell Fibromyalgia™ is an FDA-authorized wearable transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) device intended to help reduce the symptoms of fibromyalgia in adults with high pain sensitivity. Quell Fibromyalgia delivers non-invasive neuromodulation through stimulation of sensory nerves in the upper calf and may be used during sleep. For more information, including Important Safety Information, please visit: quellfibromyalgia.com Prescribing Information

Publications:

1. Gozani SN. Fixed-site high-frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for treatment of chronic low back and lower extremity pain. J Pain Res. 2016;9:469-479.
   Link: PubMed Central (NIH)
2. Gozani SN. Real-World Evidence for the Widespread Effects of Fixed-Site High-Frequency Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation in Chronic Pain. J Pain Relief. 2018;7(4):329.
   Link: ResearchGate
3. Kong X, Gozani SN. Effectiveness of fixed-site high-frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in chronic pain: a large-scale, observational study. J Pain Res. 2018;11:703-714.
   Link: PubMed Central (NIH)
4. Gozani SN. Impact of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on sleep in chronic low back pain: a real-world retrospective cohort study. J Pain Res. 2019;12:743-752.
   Link: PubMed Central (NIH)
5. Gozani SN. Remote Analgesic Effects Of Conventional Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation: A Scientific And Clinical Review With A Focus On Chronic Pain. J Pain Res. 2019;12:3185-3195.
   Link: Taylor & Francis Online
6. Jamison RN, Edwards RR, Ross EL, Issner V, Correll DJ. Outcome of a High-Frequency Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulator (hfTENS) Device for Low Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Pain Pract. 2019;19(5):466-475.
   Link: Wiley Online Library
7. Gewandter JS, Chaudari J, Iwan KB, et al. Wireless transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation device for chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: an open-label feasibility study. Support Care Cancer. 2019;27(3):1119-1126.
   Link: PubMed Central (NIH)
8. Jamison RN, Edwards RR, Ross EL, et al. Effects of Wearable Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation on Fibromyalgia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Pain Res. 2021;14:2251-2262.
   Link: PubMed Central (NIH)
9. Jamison RN, Edwards RR, Ross EL, et al. Higher Pain Sensitivity Predicts Efficacy of a Wearable Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation Device for Persons With Fibromyalgia: A Randomized Double-Blind Sham-Controlled Trial. Neuromodulation. 2022;25(7):1034-1043.
   Link: ScienceDirect
10. Gewandter JS, Frazer ME, Cai X, et al. Wireless transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) for chronic chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN): a proof-of-concept randomized clinical trial. J Pain. 2023;24(5):802-811.
    Link: PubMed Central (NIH)
11. Zulbaran-Rojas A, et al. Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation for Fibromyalgia-like Syndrome in Patients with Post-Acute Sequelae of Sars-Cov-2: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial. Sci Rep. 2024;14:28341.
    Link: Nature